However, in these modern times, advances in science are leading to fewer tests and experiments on animals, and to new ways to reduce the impact on animals. For vaccines, the use of animals in previous research has led to successful vaccines for polio, several types of meningitis, typhus, whooping cough, smallpox, tetanus, measles, cholera, etc. This process involves testing strategies which include in vitro and in silico models in the earlier stages, with animals being used in the later phase of preclinical development.
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Medicine and vaccine developers are required to demonstrate that potential new medicines and vaccines are effective and safe in humans, and that potential side effects are identified before they get a license to produce and go to market. Clinical phase: Clinical trials started without delay, research data was collected electronically, studies attracted huge numbers of volunteers and trials yielded rapid results.CRO and laboratories, including animal species, were prioritised for COVID-19 vaccine development and testing.A stand out example in the EU is the Innovative Medicines Initiative. Collaboration – Sharing practices and technologies, partnering on development has speed up the science and vaccine development.Huge sums of funding were made available globally towards vaccine development.Regulators accepted that preclinical studies could be conducted in some cases in parallel to the first clinical studies to save time considering the urgent need for COVID-19 vaccines.Furthermore, there had been years of extensive research on other Coronaviruses (SARS, MERS) which gave scientists a head start. It was therefore about adapting these technologies towards COVID-19 vaccine development. Many of the technologies used have been under development for many years (mRNA).Global sharing of the genetic sequencing of the RNA of the virus right at the start of the spread of the virus ensured a quick start.Never before have so many laboratories, institutions been working at the same time to identify a vaccine against the same virus. Global focus on vaccines – At the time of writing this blog, there were 4 approved in EU, 184 in preclinical development stage and 103 in clinical trials.The industry has been transparent in providing information on their preclinical studies through press releases, , publications including peer-reviewed, and the publication of the vaccine regulatory authorisation decisions and public assessment reports by the different regulatory authorities, ,, ,, ,,. Numerous publications outline the animal species used which range from mice, rats, pigs, ferrets, hamsters, rabbits and non- human primates.
There have been a large number of publications giving clear indication on the different animal models (and in vitro) used in the development of the different COVID-19 vaccines. Furthermore, the developmental and reproductive toxicity studies in animals also provided important preclinical information on the safety of testing the vaccine in people of reproductive age.
The data from animals were an important component in giving the vaccine manufacturers and regulators the evidence of safety needed to rapidly progress into larger human clinical trials.
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